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Citing Sources Guide


Assists in the citation and referencing of styles used at Northwestern

About Turabian Style

Based on Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Turabian citation style presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and parenthetical citations–reference list style (or reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style with slight modifications for the needs of student writers.

Citing Notes/Bibliography Style

Notes/Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.

Notes/Bibliography Examples

Note Template

1. Author Firstname Lastname, Book Title: Subtitle (Publication City: Publisher, Publication date), page(s) used.

First Footnote

1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65.

Subsequent Note

13. Doniger, Splitting the Difference, 65.


Bibliography Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. Book Title: Subtitle. Publication City: Publisher, Publication date.

Bibliography

Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Note Template

1. Author Firstname Lastname, "Article Title: Subtitle," Journal Title # of volume, no. # of issue (Publication date): page(s) used.

First Footnote

2. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” Nature 393 (1998): 639.

Subsequent Note

14. Smith, "Origin of Altruism," 640.


Bibliography Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title # of Volume, no. # of issue (Publication date): Inclusive page numbers.

Bibliography

Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639–40.

Note Template

1. Author Firstname Lastname, "Article Title: Subtitle," Journal Title # of volume, no. # of issue (Publication date), URL (accessed date accessed).

First Footnote

3. Mark A. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

Subsequent Note

15. Hlatky et al., "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms."


Bibliography Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Title # of Volume, no. # of issue (Publication date). URL (accessed date accessed).

Bibliography

Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. "Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002). http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

Note Template

1. Author Firstname Lastname or Corporate Author, "Webpage Title: Subtitle," Website, URL (accessed date accessed).

First Footnote

4. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).

Subsequent Note

15. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan."


Bibliography Template

Author Lastname, Firstname or Corporate Author. "Webpage Title: Subtitle." Website. URL (accessed date accessed).

Bibliography

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).

Citing Parenthetical/Reference List Style

Reference list style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author’s last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Parenthetical/Reference List Examples

Parenthetical Template

(Author Lastname Publication year, page(s) used)

Parenthetical Citation

(Doniger 1999, 65)


Reference List Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. Publication Year. Book title: Subtitle. Publication City: Publisher.

Bibliography

Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Parenthetical Template

(Author Lastname Publication year, page(s) used)

Parenthetical Citation

(Smith 1998, 639)


Reference List Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. Publication Year. Article title. Journal Title # of volume, no. # of issue (Publication Month and Day): inclusive page number.

Bibliography

Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639–40.

Parenthetical Template

(Author Lastname Publication year)

Parenthetical Citation

(Hlatky et al. 2002)


Reference List Template

Author Lastname, Firstname. Publication Year. Article title. Journal Title # of volume, no. # of issue (Publication Month and Day). URL (accessed date of access).

Bibliography

Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. 2002. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6). http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo (accessed January 7, 2004).

Parenthetical Template

(Corporate Author)

Parenthetical Citation

(Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)


Reference List Template

Corporate Author. Webpage title: Subtitle. Website. URL (accessed date of access).

Bibliography

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000–2010: A decade of outreach. Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).